However the acid is too damaging on the mouth and stomach to be taken directly pka1 2. Cambridge international as and a level chemistry book pdf. Aspirin is the common name for the compound acetylsalicylic acid, widely used as a fever. It is divided into separate sections for as and a level making it ideal for students studying both the as and the a level and also those taking the as.
Cambridge international as and a level chemistry book free download pdf. Testing for reproducibility as regards to yield and purity of aspirin. Now set the yintercept to 0 and check the display equation box. Aspirin is probably the most well known of the analgesic pain relieving agents. Although the salicin in willow bark has analgesic properties, purified salicylic acid was bitter and irritating when taken orally. This page looks at the reactions of acid anhydrides with water, alcohols and phenols including the manufacture of aspirin. These have been agreed by all awarding organisations aos, so all students will have. Solvent suitable for this recrystallisation process is a mixture of ethanol and water. There are two elements to the practical work that students must carry out in their study of alevel biology, chemistry and physics.
Nowadays, salicylic acid is administered in the form of aspirin which is less irritating to the stomach than salicylic acid. Aqa examinations paper 1 physical and inorganic, related practical skills 2 hours, 35% of the alevel, short and long answers paper 2 physical and organic, related practical skills 2 hours, 35% of the alevel, short and long answers paper 3 any content any practical skill 2 hours, 30% of the alevel, questions on practical techniques, data. Through practical work we are able to make sense of new information and observations. The aspirin is formed when you reflux ethanoic anhydride, phosphoric acid, and 2hydroxybenzoic acid together for 15 minutes. When you see that prostaglandins induce inflammation, pain, and fever, what comes to mind but aspirin. Students undertake the synthesis and analysis of aspirin. The crude product was dissolved in approximately 5ml of ethanol in a 100ml conical flask. Aspirin is more soluble in basic alkaline solutions, so it readily dissolves in. An experiment is described that is suitable for the early portion of the laboratory in a general chemistry course and integrates organic examples. Analytical, transition metals, electrochemistry and organic nirtrogen chemistry. In the uk, all such medicines are formulated from just four active ingredients aspirin, paracetamol, codeine and. Department of chemistry, american university, washington, d. This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of the pixl club.
You may be asked to describe these experiments in details or be asked about reasons for doing individual steps. As part of your a level course you will be expected to prepare an organic solid, so even if youre not specifically making aspirin, a lot of the techniques and safety considerations are similar. With a separate spotter for each compound, spot a tlc plate with each solution as outlined in the diagram below. You will be able to see how two very different organic compounds can be made from the same common starting material. Aspirin contains polar functional groups which can form hydrogen bonds with polar water molecules. Take a small amount of the aspirin tablet and dissolve as much as you can in 3 drops of ethyl acetate. Practical 4 determination of an enthalpy of neutralisation. This reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction. The use of aspirin had its origin in the 18th century, when it was found that an extract from the. This pack contains a programme of activities and resources to prepare you to start an a level in chemistry in september. A guide to help you get ready for alevel chemistry, including everything from topic guides to days out and online learning courses. A level chemistry course description awarding body.
An interactive manual for science education, sserc, 2002. Transition pack for a level chemistry bullers wood girls. Organic synthesis of aspirin abstract the purpose of this experiment is to synthesize a common organic product called acetylsalicylic acid aspirin, and to become familiar with the optimum conditions needed for successful yields. Pure acetyl salicylic acid aspirin synthesis chemistry ch3 o ch3 o o acetic. Synthesis of aspirin experiment chemistry libretexts. Aspirin hc9h7o4 or c9h8o4 cid 2244 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities. A curriculum resource for post16 chemistry and science courses. The aspirin formed will be contaminated with acetic acid and must be purified by recrystallization. Pearson education ltd 2016 this document may have been altered from the original 1. It is aimed to be used after you complete your gcse, throughout the remainder of the summer term and over the summer holidays to ensure you are ready to start your course in september. You need to cover activities 1 to 6 for as and 1 to 12 for alevel. The aspirin will be prepared by reacting a weighed sample of salicylic acid with a weighed sample of acetic anhydride.
After eons of prehistory as folk remedy, aspirin emerged in 1899 in one of the worlds first industrial research laboratories. After germany lost world war i, bayer was forced to give it up as part of the treaty of versailles in 1919. Transition pack for a level chemistry get ready for alevel. Making aspirin in alevel chemistry meoncross school. You can also buy a copy of this book via the royal society of chemistry online shop for. Practical 6 using thin layer chromatography to separate the pigments in chlorophyll.
Quenching the reaction mixture with cold water forces the crude aspirin out of solution. The average tablet contains about 325 milligrams of the active ingredient acetylsalicylic acid combined with an inert binding material such as starch. Aspirin book resource rsc education royal society of chemistry. Sp11 1021 synthesis of aspirin and oil of wintergreen. The mechanism for this synthesis provides examples of three major classes of chemical reactions. Make up a volumetric solution and carry out a simple acidbase titration. To prepare aspirin, salicylic acid is reacted with an excess of acetic anhydride. Do not lose this container or its contents, you will use them later. H 2 so 4 use a dropper, h 2 so 4 is highly corrosive and swirl the flask gently until the salicylic acid dissolves heat the flask gently on the steam bath for at least 10 minutes. Experiment 8 synthesis of aspirin aspirin is an effective analgesic pain reliever, antipyretic fever reducer and antiinflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used nonprescription drugs. It is often used to relieve minor aches and pains, reduce fever and as an antiinflammatory medication. Pdf preparing a pure aspirin acetylsalicylic acid researchgate.
This crude aspirin can then be isolated by filtration. It is the twostep synthesis of aspirin starting from oil of wintergreen. Practical work in reformed alevel biology, chemistry and physics. It also contains information about other experiments that often occur in alevel examinations. Covers the entire syllabus for cambridge international examinations international as and a level chemistry 9701. Next, we have to prepare recrystallisation of aspirin. If not, then look for one of aspirins many cousins, pain killers that, despite their long and widespread usages, never cease to make headline news. Austin peay state university department of chemistry chem 1121 synthesis of aspirin and oil of wintergreen revision f8 page 3 of 7 procedure synthesis of aspirin 1. As and alevel chemistry as 7404 alevel 7405 required practical handbook.
The aim of the experiment is to introduce nmr spectroscopy into a traditional undergraduate organic chemistry experiment. These reactions are all considered together because their chemistry is so similar. Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death and is also used longterm to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots, in people at high risk. In the presence of moisture, aspirin may decompose hydrolysis into salicylic acid and acetic acid. Aspirin is only slightly soluble in water and acidic solutions such as is present in the stomach. Weve only produced setup guides for activities 1 to 11 for as and alevel chemistry. Aspirin is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. They therefore stop your body making prostaglandins, some of which stimulate. The crude product aspirin prepared is relatively impure and may be purified by recrystallisation.
Aspirin originally was derived by boiling the bark of the white willow tree. By making its acetylation u can synthesize aspirin, if u want it in 3 steps its also possible, use any synthetic chemistry book as vogels. H 2 so 4 use a dropper, h 2 so 4 is highly corrosive and swirl the flask gently until the salicylic acid dissolves. Aspirin blocks an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, cox1 and cox2, which is involved with the ring closure and addition of. Student safety sheets 26 salicylic acid, aspirin, salol. Aspirin, one of the first drugs to come into common usage, is still mostly the widely used in the world approximately 35,000 metric tonnes are produced and consumed annually, enough to make over 100 billion standard aspirin tablets every year. Practical guide aqa this guide includes details about the required practicals for alevel chemistry. Synthesise aspirin from 2hydroxybenzoic acid objectives to perform and explain the reactions of acid anhydrides to synthesise aspirin from 2hydroxybenzoic acid safety perform the experiment in a wellventilated room. Place a spatula tip of your purified aspirin in a 2ml glass vial gcms vial and dissolve it in 1ml of ethanol. This book contains eight freestanding activities that can be used singly or as a coherent package in a wide range of teaching and learning situations for both academic and vocational courses. Chemistry practicals in the sixth form laboratory are mostly conducted in the fume cupboard. From experience to design the science behind aspirin.
Aspirin synthesis routes and referencing for my chemistry alevel at college i have to do a research piece on different synthesis routes of aspirin from the starting material. Practical 4 the preparation of aspirin practical 5 the preparation of ethyl ethanoate practical 6 using thin layer chromatography to separate the pigments in chlorophyll. Due to its wide range of uses, the demand for this pharmaceutical is very high. Pdf this aim of this experiment focuses on the synthesis of pure aspirin acetylsalicylic. Unsubscribe from north carolina school of science and mathematics.
The first step of the synthesis involves mixing salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride. The use of salicylic acid to alleviate pain has been known for thousands of years from the extracts of willow bark. A small amount of a strong acid is used as a catalyst which speeds up the reaction. There is also a great similarity between acid anhydrides and acyl chlorides acid chlorides as far as these reactions are concerned. The procedure is intended for manufacturing on a large scale 100 kg.
Willow bark contains salicylic acid, which is the active. The production and manufacture of aspirin essay example. This is accomplished by dissolving the acid in warm ethyl alcohol, adding cold water, and then allowing it to recrystallize in. If you ever find yourself lost in the woods and in need of pain relief, then a willow tree, a fire, and some water may be the answer. This reaction would be very slow without a catalyst.
The narrower the range and the closer the students value to 6 c, the purer the sample. Synthesizing aspirin and oil of wintergreen purpose in this experiment, you will synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, and methyl salicylate, oil of wintergreen, from salicylic acid. Formula, equations and amount of substance content 6. Practical 3 determination of an equilibrium constant.
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